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Awais Hamza: Neural Tube Defects – Embryology Meets Prenatal Ultrasound

Awais Hamza/LinkedIn

Jun 21, 2026, 11:52

Awais Hamza: Neural Tube Defects – Embryology Meets Prenatal Ultrasound

Awais Hamza, Virtual Medical Assistant at SNS Rheumatology Associates, shared a post on LinkedIn:

“Neural Tube Defects (NTDs): Embryology Meets Prenatal Ultrasound

Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during the first 4 weeks of embryonic development. The location and timing of closure failure determine the type and severity of the anomaly.

Early prenatal ultrasound plays a critical role in detecting these conditions, counseling families, and guiding pregnancy management.

Key Neural Tube Defects & Ultrasound Findings

Anencephaly • Failure of cranial neuropore closure • Absence of calvarium and cerebral hemispheres • Classic ultrasound appearance: ‘Frog-eye sign’ • Detectable as early as the first trimester • Lethal condition

Craniorachischisis • Failure of both cranial and spinal neural tube closure • Combination of anencephaly with extensive open spinal defect • Ultrasound: absent cranial vault with exposed neural tissue extending along the spine • Rare but severe neural tube defect

Open Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele) • Failure of caudal neuropore closure • Ultrasound findings:

Spinal defect with protruding sac

Lemon sign (frontal bone scalloping)

Banana sign (curved cerebellum)

Ventriculomegaly may be present • Often associated with Chiari II malformation

Closed Spina Bifida • Skin covers the defect • More subtle prenatal sonographic findings • May show soft tissue mass, lipoma, or vertebral abnormalities • Neurological impairment varies

Encephalocele • Herniation of intracranial contents through a skull defect • Usually occipital in location • Ultrasound: extracranial cystic or solid mass connected to the cranial vault • Evaluate contents carefully (meninges vs brain tissue)

Iniencephaly • Severe cervical spine malformation with extreme retroflexion of the fetal head • Short spine and defective occipital bone • Ultrasound: fixed hyperextension of the head and neck • Often associated with other congenital anomalies

Sonographer’s Pearl Whenever an open neural tube defect is suspected, carefully evaluate: